Who Was Dhul-Qarnayn? The King Who Met Gog and Magog (Yajuj Majuj)
Dhul-Qarnayn is one of the most intriguing figures mentioned in the Quran. His story appears in Surah Al-Kahf, verses 83 to 98, where he is described as a righteous ruler whom God granted power on earth and the means to achieve his aims. The name Dhul-Qarnayn is often translated as 'the one with two horns', and from the earliest times readers have asked who this travelling king really was and why his story was preserved.
According to the Quranic account, Dhul-Qarnayn journeyed first towards the west, to the place where the sun appeared to set, and then towards the east, dealing justly with the people he met. On a third journey he reached a land between two mountains, where the local people asked for his help against Yajuj and Majuj, known in English as Gog and Magog, whose raids were causing great harm. Instead of simply fighting them, he organised the building of a strong barrier made with blocks of iron, heated and sealed with molten copper, which Yajuj and Majuj could neither climb nor dig through. He made clear, however, that this barrier would stand only until a time appointed by God.
Scholars have long debated the identity of Dhul-Qarnayn. Some early and later writers suggested Alexander the Great, pointing to his vast conquests east and west, while others have proposed Cyrus the Great, the Persian king known for his justice and for allowing exiled peoples to return home. Other candidates and symbolic readings have also been discussed. There is no single agreed answer, and historians and commentators continue to weigh the evidence from scripture, history and archaeology. Whatever view a reader takes, the central lesson of the story is presented as one of humility: even a powerful king attributes his success to the mercy of his Lord, and earthly power is shown as temporary.
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